Stephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational...

Organizational Behavior This page intentionally left blank Organizational Behavior EDITION 15 Stephen P. Robbins —San Diego State University Timothy A. Judge —University of Notre Dame i3iEi35Bj! Boston Columbus Indianapolis New York San Francisco Upper Saddle River Amsterdam Cape Town Dubai London Madrid Milan Munich Paris Montreal Toronto Delhi Mexico City Sao Paulo Sydney Hong Kong Seoul Singapore Taipei Tokyo Editorial Director: Sally Yagan Director of Editorial Services: Ashley Santora Acquisitions Editor: Brian Mickelson Editorial Project Manager: Sarah Holle Editorial Assistant: Ashlee Bradbury VP Director of Marketing: Patrice Lumumba Jones Senior Marketing Manager: Nikki Ayana Jones Senior Managing†¦show more content†¦3 The Importance of Interpersonal Skills 4 What Managers Do 5 Management Functions 6 †¢ Management Roles 6 †¢ Management Skills 8 †¢ Effective versus Successful Managerial Activities 8 †¢ A Review of the Manager’s Job 9 Enter Organizational Behavior 10 Complementing Intuition with Systematic Study 11 Disciplines That Contribute to the OB Field 13 Psychology 14 †¢ Social Psychology 14 †¢ Sociology 14 †¢ Anthropology 14 There Are Few Absolutes in OB 14 Challenges and Opportunities for OB 15 Responding to Economic Pressures 15 †¢ Responding to Globalization 16 †¢ Managing Workforce Diversity 18 †¢ Improving Customer Service 18 †¢ Improving People Skills 19 †¢ Stimulating Innovation and Change 20 †¢ Coping with â€Å"Temporariness† 20 †¢ Working in Networked Organizations 20 †¢ Helping Employees Balance Work–Life Conflicts 21 †¢ Creating a Positive Work Environment 22 †¢ Improving Ethi cal Behavior 22 Coming Attractions: Developing an OB Model 23 An Overview 23 †¢ Inputs 24 †¢ Processes 25 †¢ Outcomes 25 Summary and Implications for Managers 30 S A L Self-Assessment Library How Much Do I Know About Organizational Behavior? 4 Myth or Science? â€Å"Most Acts of Workplace Bullying Are Men Attacking

Ethical Considerations Selling A Product Before It s...

Ethical Considerations pt.1. Selling a product before it s finished is never a good idea, being in the software business you hear about it a lot and it never comes in a good way. Only bad things can happen when you release an unfinished product and at the same time this is another point where you have to look into the specifics of your product. Most often the products that are released before they are completed are software like games, these often come out to sometimes horrible releases where nothing works and they experience a lot of crashes and fails and it takes a couple of months sometimes years of patches to get everything fixed. Through that though they will have experienced high damaged and negative feedback from the people who tried to play the game or simply stuck with the game and complained about how many bugs it is. You could then offer them a discount or special reward for continuing to play the game and once the patches are in and everything is fixed all is forgiven and even those who quit the game may return to play again once things are working as they should. You are not in the game business, you do not have the same luxury, and such you also don’t possess the same responsibility. Working with business factors like bill pay, and receiving payments would indicate that this application in some form would hold, gather, or at least contain some kind of personal information about the business and their clients and since part of your contract with the businessShow MoreRelatedBusiness Analysis : Hennes Mauritz2992 Words   |  12 Pages Hennes Mauritz commonly known as HM, was in 1947 a recently inaugurated ladies store in Và ¤sterà ¥s, Sweden. It was originally named Hennes which is Swedish for her s. 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Social Marketing for the Blind Free-Samples-Myassignmenthelp.com

Questions: 1.Write a report on social issues: literature review on employment of visually disable people starting with general disability. 2.Write a report on Social Marketing Plan for DiD. Answers: 1.Background Information In relation to the welfare of the blind, it is clever to develop a social marketing plan. In order to establish reasonable change in society, both disabled and ideally abled personalities are to be accorded the same resources in favor of the blind (Clowers, 2015). For example, so as to attempt and bring out the equality between disabled people and normal ones, the settings should be reversed. For example, learning in a dark room or perhaps blindfolding the abled people. Below are further elaborations of some of the recommendations. Research Problem The issue in question is how to create a platform that would offer just as much employment opportunities to the blind as it offers to the normal man. The current society is of a corporate nature creating the impression that for one to be able to survive genuinely, he or she has the obligation to device a means of making ends meet. Equal employment opportunities to all people regardless of the types of discrimination that exist between them is the social marketing issue that has been identified in this context. Below are appropriate strategies and theories that can be applied on such an instance. To this point in the study, it is now clear beyond any reasonable doubt that already existing information has it that in order for sustainability to be fully achieved in society, first equality has to be upheld by all means. Equality in all schools of life has been an international cohesion strategy for all nations in the world. Truth is, democracy has made it easier by implementing policies and regulations that were aimed at ensuring that there will be no need for contingency plans in future. Literature Review In the personal opinion of Titchkosky Tanya, blindness is more of a disability than an inability. In her own words, she prevails upon the readers to be aware of the fact that blindness is not lack of ideal sight but rather lack of the required vision. Furthermore, she compares the personal perceptions of blindness from both the point of view of the disabled person and that of society. The reliability of this book is beyond any reproach owing to its influential publishers. According to Eyler, all types of disabilities have had their own share of contrasting opinions and feelings from the public and blindness is not any different. On the same note, she gives an example of disabilities that were mostly prone during the Middle Ages and how people at that particular point in time used to respond to such matters. She adds that times have changed and now the world considers disabilities like a stepping stone to achieve bigger goals in society unlike back then. According to Davis Leonard, this is one of the greatest books that can be used as an exquisite guideline for all researchers who are interested with the evolution of the perceptions that disabled people have been getting since the beginning of time (Davis, 2016). Blindness, for example, was said to have been one among the most empathetic disabilities of that time. In most ethical religions, blindness was mostly associated with the ability to communicate to higher and rather different beings whose nature is a little supreme than that of normal human beings. Clowers Walter states is categorically that she is well-aware of blind people who have proved to be more productive than the normal man owing to their zeal to embrace life as it is and give it the best shot. He gives an example of a stunt performer that has been blind all her life and she is now 55 years old. In his book, he describes the woman as a free spirit whose soul will never wither any time soon. It is the same spirit that she hopes other blind people can adopt (Clowers, 2015). In this book, Lawson is of the opinion that blindness is perhaps the most interesting ability following the endless numbers of far-fetched impossibilities that most blind people perform all through their lives. For example, he gives a series of stories of how blind people managed to walk into areas that they have never been before and came out exactly as they came in with no harm at all. That being established, he adds that the only fall that blind people could ever get into is letting society get in the way of achieving their success. 2.Identification of the marketing issue The marketing plan is to see to it that all disabled people, including the blind have just as much resources and opportunities as any other normal people in the real world. Creation of employment opportunities to the blind will give them a better shot of living a sustainably. In the current setting of society, for one to be able to ensure that his ends meet by the end of the day, he or she has the obligation of seeking a means of making money. One of the most prolific and compatible theory would be equality promotion. This theory states that for the whole globe to evolve from a simple form of growth and development to a more complex one, there as to be equality on virtually all fields of life. Targeting The social structure of society is the first school of life that equality has to be applied into (Eyler, 2014). Equality between the blind and those of great eyesight has to be achieved since the blind deserve just as much resources and priorities as those that are abled. Segmentation A detailed analysis of the Market segmentation as far as the employment of blind people goes brings to light the fact that the job opportunities that are selective depending with the complexity of the nature of that particular job. This should include the age group, the place where this service is offered among other specifications. To be able to level the field so that market segmentation of employment opportunities to the blind can widen, it is only reasonable to encourage all stakeholders to actively establish equal job opportunities to both the abled and disabled people in society. Appropriate Theories for the application of this problem To be able to develop this theory, positioning strategies need to be put in place. For example, both blind and normal employees be locked in a room with complete darkness and asked to complete the same task within the same duration of time. Another strategy would be blind folding the normal employees and giving them the same tasks as to those of the blind Positioning The objective of these strategies is to ensure that that target marketing ceases to favor only a particular set of capabilities based on the nature of people. That would be a totally absurd way to make judgments. Marketing Mix (4Ps) The marketing mix includes Place, Price, Product and Promotion. The Product offered is a service to help the blind sustain themselves. The Price is what they are willing to part with for the service offered. As for the Place, it is a location where the blind would access this service with ease. Lastly, Promotion will include the major skills and ability to be able to reach the niche that the product is expected to. Development of social Marketing Plan An analysis of the policies that are aimed at making these strategies come to being reveals the fact that all humanity is subject to equality in all schools of life. International agencies that are concerned with the rights and freedoms of all human beings regardless of any platforms of discrimination will come to the aid of amending employment policies that had already been established long before equality became a thing of democratic ideologies (Lawson, 2013). An analysis of the social marketing plan of the blind has proved to not only consider the welfare of the blind but to also enlighten the whole world regarding the nature of all disabilities. Evaluations and Recommendations A final evaluation of the identified social plans depicts the fact that no matter the nature of any form of disability, if really one has the zeal to make ends meet, there is nothing that can stand in their way of success. To this point of the study, it has successfully been established that subjecting employees with great eyesight to the same conditions and resources with the blind would be a great way to create a hall mark of achieving reasonable change in the whole corporate world. It is evident that through the hiring process it is evident that variety of barriers are experienced by employers on real knowledge and experience relevant in enacting. The involvement of a disable individual in advanced employment participation is a challenging and complex situation that a lot of collaboration and informative knowledge are require in the approach. Facilitators play a big role in addressing some of these challenges that are faced by the employers and difficulties on the announcement of the injustice faced by people with disabilities when it comes to employment. With this it is safe to say that knowledge and specific information is important in the building of information on the generic standard that exists currently with the aim of supporting employers References Clowers, W. (2015). Blindness: Ability not disability. New York: Sunny Press Davis, L. (2016). The Disabilities Studies Reader. United Kingdom: University of Harvard. Eyler, J. (2013). Disability in the Middle Ages: Reconsiderations and Reverberations. New York: Sunny Press Lawson, A. (2014). War Blindness. Boston: Cengage Learning Press Titchkosky, T. (2013). Disability, Self and Society. New York: AMACO

Sojourner Truth and Shaping the Fight against Gender Norms in the 1800’s Essay Example

Sojourner Truth and Shaping the Fight against Gender Norms in the 1800’s Essay From the very beginning of her activity as women’s rights leader, Truth had embodied the woman in the black. In her path-breaking performances in New York City in 1867 she embodied the sophisticated and seasoned political activist in a radically inclusive form. She said that people who are black, who are poor, who are illiterate, who are not true women, could be empowered to choose for themselves the leaders who govern them. Truth had matured as a political activist over a long and turbulent career that had taught them both the multitudinous paths by which people become qualified for anything. She had had grounded gendered black power in the vitality of the working woman. Always disturbing the hierarchies, Truth honored the shaping energy of labor as the defining human activity. Unlike many other activists at that time, Truth tended first and last toward women. For her, the Fourteenth Amendment portended worry, not triumph, if â€Å"colored men get their rights† before women are enfranchised. Truth had been born a slave in the late 1790s in Ulster County, New York. She had escaped from slavery and in the 1820s belonged to communities of radically egalitarian evangelicals. Her legal freedom from slavery came when she was liberated under a New York statute of 1817 that freed slaves under forty in 1827. Like many former slaves, she found sanctuary in a city in this case New York. Here she met reformers such as Arthur Tappan, and in 1843, she changed her slave name Isabella to the resonant name of her future Sojourner Truth (Fitch, 421). By 1850, she had published her famous autobiography Narrative of Sojourner Truth A Northern Slave, which told the story of her abusive early years as the property of New York owners. Some gaps exist in the biography of Sojourner Truth, but by the 1840s, she was living in a utopian commune in western Massachusetts. With the encouragement of William Lloyd Garrison and his family, she had become part of a network of reformers, attending and s peaking at meetings of antislavery reformers. In 1850, she attended the first annual womans rights convention in Worcester, Massachusetts. We will write a custom essay sample on Sojourner Truth and Shaping the Fight against Gender Norms in the 1800’s specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Sojourner Truth and Shaping the Fight against Gender Norms in the 1800’s specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Sojourner Truth and Shaping the Fight against Gender Norms in the 1800’s specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Throughout this decade, she supported herself as a live-in domestic. She also sold her Narrative and gave dramatic speeches on womans rights. Having no permanent home, she often stayed with leaders of the womans movement including Susan B. Anthony and Elizabeth Cady Stanton. Thus, Truth became part of an informal association of female reformers. Other black women including free-born Nancy Prince and Charlotte Forten were part of the prewar womans movement, but as was the case with white women, commitments were made on an individual basis because there was no permanent sustaining organization devoted to woman suffrage. Still, women learned how to begin the process of changing American opinion on voting for women by circulating petitions and giving speeches. Newspapers began to cover their conventions and often expressly noted â€Å"colored people scattered through the audience† (Penn, 17). In the Reconstruction period, when it was obvious that freed blacks needed the protection of the ballot in the South, Truth insisted that women should get the vote along with black men. Most of the activists who clamored for woman suffrage after the Civil War had been energetic abolitionists. They were black and white, male and female, and they included Stanton, Anthony, Douglass, Lucy Stone and her husband Henry Blackwell, Truth, Parker Pillsbury, Charles Lenox Remond, Frances Dana Gage, Frances Ellen Watkins Harper, William Lloyd Garrison, and Robert Purvis. Douglass, Truth, Remond, Harper, and Purvis were black, but not of one mind about the suffrage issue as it evolved out of the older demand for womans rights (Hertha, 86). The broad agenda of womans rights securing women rights to their wages, their inheritances, and the custody of their children; admitting women to institutions of higher learning and the professions; and permitting women to vote, hold office, and serve on juri es dovetailed with the needs of black people, who also lacked a wide range of civil rights. Suffrage priorities whether or not to support the Fifteenth Amendment giving black males the right to vote without any mention of women split reformers. From the breach emerged two competing woman suffrage communities the National Woman Suffrage Association headed by Stanton and Anthony, which supported universal voting, and the American Woman Suffrage Association led by Lucy Stone and Henry Blackwell, which supported black voting first. Each sought the blessing of Sojourner Truth. After the ratification of the Thirteenth Amendment that gave constitutional status to the emancipation of all slaves, the organized movement of abolitionism broke up. For William Lloyd Garrison, longtime president of the American Anti-Slavery Society and Truths previous ally, Confederate defeat and the Thirteenth Amendment closed the work of abolition. Many others, including Truth and Wendell Phillips, who then became president of the society, saw black suffrage as necessary to sustain emancipation. The passage of black codes by southern legislatures virtually reinstalled slavery, and the rape and murder of black Republicans by white supremacists demonstrated that by itself emancipation would not bring freedom to blacks. In this climate of violent reaction, the American Anti-Slavery Society concentrated on the radical Republican goal of enfranchising black men. Blacks were the strongest supporters of the Union and the Republican party in the South, but black women could not be enfranchised without giving the vote to much larger numbers of southern white women, who would probably vote Democratic. Soon Congress with its heavy Republican majorities wrote and passed further constitutional amendments, the Fourteenth and Fifteenth, which the states ratified between 1865 and 1870. In this setting of political progress, universal suffrage supporters formed the Equal Rights Association, an organization important to Sojourner Truth. While she and many other abolitionists agreed with Douglass that â€Å"this hour belongs to the Negro,† she also supported woman suffrage in tandem with black male suffrage (Hewitt, 207). Attending meetings in 1866 in Boston and New York, Truth championed rights for blacks and for women in the name of black women. In the 1866 meetings both attended, Truth sounded vexing themes themes of race and gender that are still with us. Truth questioned whether formal emancipation in 1865 had given black men an advantage over white women. She also said no to the question would the vote, of itself, satisfy the needs of all women. Truth pointed to the persistence of class discrimination and discrimination in the lives of poor black women. Truth with other abolitionist saw the necessity for continuing the work of emancipation in the South. She also refused to separate her sex from her race. Black women were women, she insisted; their concerns were womens issues, just as the concerns of white women were womens issues. Most abolitionists were content to pretend that woman suffrage meant the same thing to women of all races whether black, white, or red. Truth shredded the pretense, however, she never attacked white women directly. When the leaders of the National Woman Suffrage Association spoke of black women, they usually demeaned black men. In the 1860s as in later times black women occasionally found white champions, but often at the expense of black men. Paulina Wright Davis, for instance, claimed that freedwomen did not want to marry freedmen out of fear of losing their children and their earnings (Hertha ,112). Black women were smarter than black men, Davis held, because they had learned from their mistresses. Black men, she said, had learned from their masters and wanted only to whip their wives. When Truth pointed to the weaknesses of black men as an argument for black womens legal and economic rights, she focused more on money than personal violence. Recalling the refugees in Washington and perhaps the husbands of her hardworking daughters in Battle Creek, Michigan, where she lived, she depicted black men as strutting idlers: â€Å"when the women come home, they ask for their money and take it all, and then scold because there is no food† (Stetson David, 178). Money and its control by husbands was the context of her famous quote: â€Å"if colored men get their rights, and not colored women theirs, you see the colored men will be masters over the women, and it will be just as bad as it was before† (Stetson David, 178).   Because the vote could be a means of passing legislation to protect wages, Truth argued that she wanted to keep agitating for woman suffrage before federal policy hardened. White women needed the vote, but black women needed it even more, h aving less education and a more limited choice of jobs. â€Å"[W]ashing,† she said, â€Å"is about as high as a colored woman gets† (Stetson David, 180). Such legal and economic suffrage arguments sprang from her personal experience. Her view of womens need for legal rights contained another jab at men, but men of a different standing, who were well-educated white lawyers. In Ulster and Westchester counties, and Washington, D.C., she had been in court three times, and from this personal experience came her view that â€Å"in the courts women have no right, no voice; nobody speaks for them. I wish woman to have her voice there among the pettifoggers† (). As a poor working woman, Truth knew life at the bottom of the economic ladder. Even as she acknowledged, like Harper and other leaders of the suffrage movement, political inferiority to poor men, Truth felt needs more economic than political. She returned repeatedly to a theme she had sounded as early as 1851: her right to equal remuneration because she worked like a man. This time she included immigrant women who labored: â€Å"I have done a great deal of work; as much as a man, but did not get so much pay. I used to work in the field and bind grain, keep ing up with the cradler; but men doing no more, got twice as much pay; so with the German women. They work in the field and so as much work, but do not get the pay. We do as much, we eat as much, we want as much† (Stanton, Anthony, and Gage, vol.2, 189). Truth wanted the independence that comes from having ones own money. â€Å"When we get our rights,† she concluded, â€Å"we shall not have to come to you for money, for then we shall have money enough in our own pockets; and may be you will ask us for money† (Stanton, Anthony, and Gage, vol. 2, 193). Truth’s ideas ranged far from the vote but stayed within the prevailing ideology of woman suffrage, equating womens voting with a recasting of the entire political economy. Throughout her activity and career as abolitionist and fighter for women’s right, Sojourner Truth argued that sexism was grounded in economic inequality; that women had to be freed of their own stereotypes of pure womanhood in order to realize themselves as women; that voting rights, while they should not have to do with gender, should not have to do with class or race. In doing so, Truth shaped and enriched a tradition of black feminist activism extending into our own time. In her great statement of the problems of black working women in their families, Truth recognized a critical juncture in the relations of black women and black men, emerging from changes in their legal and economic conditions: â€Å"There is a great stir about colored men getting their rights, but not a word about the colored women; and if colored men get their rights, and not colored women theirs, you see the colored men will be masters over the women, and it will be just as bad as it was before† ( Fitch Mandziuk, 53). In her attack on sexism in the black working family, Truth argued that the solution to structural problems in the postwar black family was a radical economic one: equal pay for equal work. Grounded in the conditions of labor of black women both enslaved and free, Truths feminism always expressed her solidarity with the brigades who labored in the fields and went out washing, cooking, and cleaning for other people. In judging male-female inequity, Truth emphasized that the inequity within the black family was part of the greater inequity in society, which showed itself dramatically in the inequity between white and black women.

Free Essays on Wal-Mart Tire And Lube Observation Evaluation

I chose to observe and evaluate a Wal-Mart Tire and Lube customer service representative. On February 16, 2002, I went to the Wal-Mart store in Upstate New York to change both of the tires on the front of my car. At around 4:45 PM, I walked up to the Tire and Lube department counter inside of the store. A customer service representative, Linda, proceeded to assist me with my purchase. While my order was being worked on, I observed Linda while at work. I was able to observe Linda, while she was taking care of about six customers. For this observation report, I chose to evaluate this worker on the following criteria: Politeness - how polite she is with customers and her coworkers? Interest - does her job seem to be interesting or boring to her, and her reaction to performing tasks for her job? Speediness - her pace of performing tasks for her job. Knowledge - how knowledgeable she is about her area of work? Cleanliness - how clean she is dressed and how clean her workspace is? Organization - how organized her desk and her papers are? Personality - how well she interacts with customers and coworkers? Interaction with coworkers - how well she interacts and works with her coworkers? Efficiency - how efficient she is with performing tasks for her job? Laziness - if she is lazy or not while at work (if yes, then how lazy?). Most customers that were assisted by Linda had smiles on their faces; they also smiled while talking with her. All customers seemed very satisfied with her help and had all of their questions answered. While taking orders, Linda was very polite with customers and listened well to what the customers had to say. She appeared very interested in her job and helping people find, order, and buy what they needed. Despite taking her time helping customers, Linda worked in a very proficient pace and did not take any breaks or deep breaths in between the orders. She also seemed to be very knowledgeable and experienced in this lin... Free Essays on Wal-Mart Tire And Lube Observation Evaluation Free Essays on Wal-Mart Tire And Lube Observation Evaluation I chose to observe and evaluate a Wal-Mart Tire and Lube customer service representative. On February 16, 2002, I went to the Wal-Mart store in Upstate New York to change both of the tires on the front of my car. At around 4:45 PM, I walked up to the Tire and Lube department counter inside of the store. A customer service representative, Linda, proceeded to assist me with my purchase. While my order was being worked on, I observed Linda while at work. I was able to observe Linda, while she was taking care of about six customers. For this observation report, I chose to evaluate this worker on the following criteria: Politeness - how polite she is with customers and her coworkers? Interest - does her job seem to be interesting or boring to her, and her reaction to performing tasks for her job? Speediness - her pace of performing tasks for her job. Knowledge - how knowledgeable she is about her area of work? Cleanliness - how clean she is dressed and how clean her workspace is? Organization - how organized her desk and her papers are? Personality - how well she interacts with customers and coworkers? Interaction with coworkers - how well she interacts and works with her coworkers? Efficiency - how efficient she is with performing tasks for her job? Laziness - if she is lazy or not while at work (if yes, then how lazy?). Most customers that were assisted by Linda had smiles on their faces; they also smiled while talking with her. All customers seemed very satisfied with her help and had all of their questions answered. While taking orders, Linda was very polite with customers and listened well to what the customers had to say. She appeared very interested in her job and helping people find, order, and buy what they needed. Despite taking her time helping customers, Linda worked in a very proficient pace and did not take any breaks or deep breaths in between the orders. She also seemed to be very knowledgeable and experienced in this lin...

Analysis And Assessment Of Baumgartner & Jones Ag Essays - AARP

Analysis And Assessment Of Baumgartner & Jones Ag Essays - AARP Analysis And Assessment Of Baumgartner & Jones Agendas And Instability In American Politics I find a certain amount of difficulty when I attempt to offer an assessment of Baumgartner and Jones work, Agendas and Instability in American Politics. The reason for this is because the book is written in such a manner that it is enormously difficult to offer a conflicting argument to the model they use to describe how issues become part of agenda, the power of interest groups, policy monopolies, how power shifts, and other issues related to the aforementioned. For this reason, I must say that I find their model to be on solid ground. The previous reading assignments in this course which where mostly based on the writings of C. Wright Mills and his protg Robert Dahl read like the thoughts of writers who were desperately trying to convince the reader that they are right. To the contrary, Baumgartner and Jones made no real attempts to sell their research and rather presented their findings and beliefs in a way that seems to say to the reader that this is the way things are. Examples of legislative activity that seem to conform to their model offered to the readers of Baumgartner and Jones are presented in a way that basically shows the reader how their model translates into real life as opposed to an offering of evidence to bolster the correctness of their assertions. The notion of policy monopolies I find to be a very believable concept when describing the formulation, definition and promotion of issues in the American political agenda. Making an issue a taboo or untouchable or dangerous to national security, thus ensuring its longevity, perhaps even immortality. This phenomenon is most visible in the issues of Medicare and Social Security. Both programs are in deep financial trouble, but anyone who advocates even the slightest bit of change in either program is immediately labeled an extremist who lacks compassion for our nations senior citizens or a radical who is trying to move our country towards socialism. I am especially fond of two principals in the Baugartner and Jones model; issue definition and changing venues. Like most of Baumgartner and Jones work, when I attempt to scrutinize it, I find a virtual impossibility in offering a competing theory. When examining issue definition, I discovered that defining or attempting to define issues (sometimes referred to as spinning) is something I have witnessed on countless occasions. In fact, when I was a novice campaign strategist and lobbyist, I engaged in this practice without knowing there was a legitimate noun for what I was doing. Baumgartner and Jones contend that interest groups, institutions, politicians, and the like attempt to define an issue in a way that serves their interests. An example of this that immediately springs to my mind was a speech delivered by President Bill Clinton in early 1993 to the American Association of Retired Persons (AARP) concerning the reforming of Medicare. President Clinton proposed a slowing of the rate of growth of the program to roughly twice the rate of inflation as a means of keeping the program solvent. Medicare was experiencing and continues to experience such an astronomical rate of growth that it cannot possibly remain solvent without a massive increase in taxation and/or a significant amount of borrowing from foreign nations adding to our already inconceivably monstrous national debt. Naturally, there was some skepticism about his plan as there is with every idea that would enact a change to an existing government program. Additionally, there was a heavy distrust of Clinton by the AARPs rank and file members after his tax increase on Social Security benefits. The growing concern amongst senior citizens was that the president was going to cut Medicare. In his speech to the AARP, Clinton jostled those who accused his plan of amounting to a cut by saying, Only in Washington can an increase of twice the rate of inflation be called a cut. In the end, a Democratic Congress kept the Presidents plan from ever seeing the light of day. Fast forward to early 1995, a newly seated Republican Congress began to debate a Medicare proposal that all but mirrored the Presidents 1993 proposal, with the exception that leftover surpluses would

DOMESTIC VIOLENCE Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

DOMESTIC VIOLENCE - Essay Example In-depth analysis of domestic violence is therefore required to establish the causes, effects and how to help the victims cope after the act. Traditionally, wife beating was a sign of love and respect in society (Jaffe, 2006). It was a normal practice hence the authorities could not intervene when a wife was being beaten. Men were also endowed with all resources hence power over women. Domestic violence can be classified as physical, emotional, sexual, economic and psychological violence but all forms of violence have an element of control. Johnson (2008) argues that there is a relationship between gender and domestic violence. Men are muscular in nature and hence inflict greater harm to women than women do to men and hence domestic violence is considered as women’s problem (Davis, 2006). Men are supposed to provide and protect the family against enemies hence it is intimidating for a man to be abused by his wife and therefore would rather suffer silently. They don’t report the incidences hence statistics show that only a few men are battered by their wives. Domestic violence can be as a result of economic dependence, psychological disorders, drugs and alcohol abuse or due to cultural influence. Schwartz (2004) observes that women who depend on men for survival are at a risk of economic violence. Any behavior against a man’s wish is punished by denial of financial assistance. Psychological disorders are known to aggravate the occurrence of domestic violence especially when combined with drug and alcohol abuse. People who suffer from this disorder are unable to control their emotions such as anger and hence a slight provocation leads to violence (Jaffe, 2006). Some women also lack proper defense mechanisms and hence cause severe harm to their husbands when they get a chance to apprehend them due to prolonged anger (Bankroft, 2003). Culture plays a vital role in aggravating domestic violence. Wife beating was a norm